![theoretical ternary diagram theoretical ternary diagram](https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0167299107800681-gr3.gif)
Įl-gendi A, Abdalla H, Ali S (2012) Construction of ternary phase diagram and membrane morphology evaluation for polyamide/formic acid/water system. Mazinani S, Darvishmanesh S, Ehsanzadeh A, Van der Bruggen B (2017) Phase separation analysis of EXTEM/solvent/non-solvent systems and relation with membrane morphology. Zhang S, Liu Y, Li D, Wang Q, Ran F (2019) Water-soluble MOF nanoparticles modified polyethersulfone membrane for improving flux and molecular retention. Membranes having composition above the critical point were synthesized using phase inversion technique, and their morphology was examined using SEM images. The critical point for the ternary system obtained in both experiment and theoretical calculation was at the polymer concentration of around 6 wt%. On the other hand, the presence of additives shifted the binodal curve toward the solvent-polymer axis manifesting the less requirement of non-solvent for phase separation. Also, the ternary and quaternary interaction parameters involving these additives were found to be negligible within the system. The interaction of PCL-DMF-H 2O is found to be consistent even in the presence of TiO 2 or MMT.
![theoretical ternary diagram theoretical ternary diagram](http://www.jmcampbell.com/tip-of-the-month/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/graph22.gif)
The ternary interaction parameter was determined by fitting the binodal curve with the cloud point data for the ternary and quaternary system. The effect of variations in the interaction parameters on the location of the binodal curve is studied.
![theoretical ternary diagram theoretical ternary diagram](https://secureservercdn.net/198.71.233.138/1x9.a09.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/5-9-ex5-2-ternary-diagram-chemicals-mixed.png)
Also, the experimental spinodal curve was drawn using the compositions at the onset of phase separation in the titration method and found matching with the theoretical spinodal curve. The experimental binodal curves were plotted using cloud points obtained from the titration method. Phase diagrams for H 2O-DMF-PCL ternary system and with the presence of inorganic additives, H 2O-DMF-PCL–(TiO 2/MMT) quaternary system are studied using Flory–Huggins theory, which explains the thermodynamic behavior of polymeric membranes formed out of phase inversion process.